new zealand politics 1984-1993 Essay example -- essays research papers

On July 6 1984, the fourth Labour government were elected into parliament after defeating the National party in a snap election. 1984 can be regarded as a major turning point in New Zealand political history in the sense that significant political changes affected the whole of the New Zealand society, economy and political structure. New Zealand government’s experimented with radical Neoliberal policy programmes to achieve economic and social progress during this period. The essay shall discuss the central features of the process of policy change over the period of 1984 to 1993 in New Zealand. These reforms were among the most sweeping in scope and scale within any industrialised democracy. There are a significant number of historical and institutional similarities between Australia and New Zealand which make them a fertile ground for comparative analysis. This essay shall compare industrial relations reform in Australia and New Zealand during the 1980s and 1990s, integrating both institutionalist and interest-based approaches. Within comparative politics there are two main approaches to the impact of economic change on national policy patterns. The first, new institutionalism has been very influential in comparative industrial relations. The second, which focuses on the role of interests, has also been significant in New Zealand and Australian politics. The concept of institutionalism is central to the analysis of the reform episode that took place in New Zealand. Institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction (North,1990:3). Zucker defines Institutionalism as a fundamentally cognitive process (1983:25). In comparison, Immergut argues that the theoretical core of the new institutionalism is the view that there is a tendency for certain arrangements in social life to persist over institutions and for these institutional arrangements to affect not just strategic actions but also the preference formation of social actors (1998:7). Immergut stresses the fundamentals of the concept of institutionalism can be problematic as there are many conflicting definitions and analysis. â€Å"Since the common research interest is in the black box between potential political demands and ultimate outcomes, it does not make sense to predefine the contents of this box. A standard definit... ...liams Books. Kasper, W. (1996) ‘Free to Work: The Liberalisation of New Zealand's Labour Market,’ Policy Monograph 32, Centre for Independent Studies, Sydney. Maloney, T. (1997). Benefit Reform and Labour Market Behaviour in New Zealand.’ Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University: Wellington. McClure, M. (1998). ‘The Reluctant State: 1984-1998’ in ‘A Civilised Community: A History of Social Security in New Zealand 1898-1998’. Auckland University Press: Auckland. North, D. (1990) ‘Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance.’ New York: Cambridge University Press. Rankin, S., St John, S. (1998). ‘Quantifying the Welfare Mess’ (Policy Discussion Paper 22) Department of Economics: University of Auckland. Schwartz, H. (2000). ‘Internationalization and Two Liberal Welfare States Australia and New Zealnd’ in Scharpf, Fritz & Schmidt, Vivien, (eds). ‘Welfare and Work in the Open Economy’ (vol 2), Oxford University Press: New York. Shipley, J. (1991). ‘Welfare That Works,’ Minister of Social Welfare, Wellington Zucker, L. (1983) ‘Organizations as Institutions’, in Bacharach, S (ed). ‘Research in the Sociology of Organizations,’ Greenwich: JAI Press.

Life Before the Internet and After Essay

Life was much more difficult before people had the internet in the home to help them with studying, looking information up, working, and entertainment. Without the internet doing all of that was hard. Things then were slow, a really hard task now could take an hour by internet. Such as contacting Saudi Arabia from U.S take less than 5 minutes, on the other hand it could take a month back then. However, once the internet became available in 1980s. These dreaded tasks became much more manageable and even pleasant by comparison. Life has changed dramatically since the invention of the internet. Before the internet was invented, everything was slow and manual. First of all, how people used to contacting each other. They had to write massages with their own hand writing. Then you have to buy stamps, then go to the post office and leave it there, you have to wait for a replay. All of this fatigue and suffering in order to send a message. Second, reading the newspapers, which is really large to carry with you and exhausting to read with the really small tiny font, and to many pages to cover just to know what happening around the world of news. Third, before the internet if you want to talk to some buddy or see some buddy, you have to meet him because no another way. Fourth, to shop you have to go to the mall and search for what you need in every store ,even if you found it you might not find your size or the color you want. After the internet was invented, life became way easier. First of all, you can send whatever you want and it wouldn’t take even five minutes, and receiving as will and it can include pictures any many other features. Second, reading the news isn’t like how it was now you can surf the internet without any hardship every newspapers have their own website so you can discover the news through it. Third, after the internet was invented you can chat with any buddy worldwide and you can see each other no need to meet in reality and there are many applications and website that allows you to do that even for free!!. Fourth, no need to go shopping everything is available in the internet and no need to worry about sizes and colors, on the other hand some people still prefer to go shopping their selfs. However, internet not just allow you to shop from your country it allows you to shop from stores overseas as will, and if you didn’t like what on the unreal store you can customize whatever you want!. To sum up, life has greatly improved since the invention of the internet. Whereas in the past, people spent a great deal of time to do one off the Previous tasks. Today they can simply do whatever they want in the internet. I have heart that some people still use old fashion instead of using internet. Others, just value the † good old days ‘ and want to keep the tradition alive.

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